The use of cannabidiol (CBD) in veterinary medicine has gained considerable attention, particularly among pet owners seeking alternative treatments for their animals. Despite its growing popularity, the scientific community remains cautious due to a lack of robust research. This article aims to explore the current state of knowledge on CBD for animals, highlighting both potential benefits and risks, while emphasising the need for further research.
Understanding CBD
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound derived from the cannabis plant. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not produce a ‘high’ and is thought to interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in animals, which plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, including pain, mood and stress responses.
Current research landscape
Recent studies have begun to investigate the effects of CBD on animals, particularly dogs. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science showed that a single oral dose of THC-free CBD significantly reduced stress in dogs during car journeys and separation events (1, 3). The study measured several physiological and behavioural indicators, such as cortisol levels and signs of anxiety (e.g. whining and trembling), and found significant improvements in dogs treated with CBD compared to those receiving a placebo.
While these results are promising, they represent only a small fraction of the existing literature. A systematic review found that most studies of the efficacy and safety of CBD are limited in scope and often have small sample sizes. For example, some studies suggested that CBD may help relieve pain in dogs with osteoarthritis or reduce seizure frequency in epileptic dogs (7, 10). However, these studies also pointed to the need for larger trials to confirm these effects and establish safe dosing guidelines.
Safety and regulatory concerns
Lack of regulation
One of the main concerns surrounding CBD products for pets is the lack of regulation. In many regions, including parts of North America and Europe, CBD products are not subject to strict quality control measures. This can lead to inconsistencies in product formulation, potentially exposing pets to harmful contaminants or incorrect dosages (2, 4). The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has emphasised that most of the information available on CBD for pets comes from human studies or anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous clinical trials (10).
Potential side effects
While many pet owners report positive experiences with CBD, side effects may occur. These may include temporary drops in blood pressure or mild gastrointestinal upset. Importantly, veterinarians are currently unable to prescribe CBD due to regulatory restrictions and insufficient scientific evidence, so pet owners should exercise caution when considering CBD products (2, 10).
Ethical considerations
The promotion of CBD for animals raises ethical questions about marketing practices. Many companies highlight the potential benefits while downplaying the risks or the current lack of comprehensive research. This may mislead pet owners into believing that CBD is a universally safe and effective treatment option without fully understanding its limitations (4, 5).
What are the potential risks of giving CBD to pets?
The use of CBD (cannabidiol) in pets has become increasingly popular among pet owners seeking alternative treatments for various conditions. However, it is important to understand the potential risks associated with administering CBD to animals. Here are the main concerns, based on current research and expert opinion.
Potential risks of administering CBD to pets
1. Side effects
While many pets tolerate CBD well, several side effects have been reported:
- Lethargy: One of the most common side effects, lethargy manifests as decreased energy and increased drowsiness, often due to high doses of CBD (1, 4).
- Dizziness: Pets may experience dizziness characterised by unsteadiness or difficulty maintaining balance, especially if the product contains trace amounts of THC, which is toxic to animals (1).
- Gastrointestinal problems: Diarrhoea and vomiting may occur, especially when CBD is introduced into a pet’s diet. This is often due to irritation or sensitivity to the carrier oil used in the product (1, 4, 5).
- Dry mouth: CBD may reduce salivation, leading to increased thirst in pets (5, 7).
2. Increased risk of bleeding
CBD has blood-thinning properties which may increase the risk of bleeding. This is of particular concern for pets undergoing surgery or those with bleeding disorders. It is recommended that CBD use be discontinued prior to any surgical procedure (1, 2).
3. Quality control issues
The pet CBD market is largely unregulated, leading to significant variability in product quality. One study found that up to 56% of pet CBD products may be mislabelled in terms of cannabinoid content. This inconsistency may expose pets to unsafe levels of THC or other harmful substances (1, 3, 2).
4. Allergic reactions
Some pets may be allergic or sensitive to cannabinoids or other ingredients in CBD products. Symptoms may include itching or skin irritation, which may require discontinuation of the product (1).
5. Drug interactions
CBD may interact with other medications a pet is taking, potentially altering their effectiveness. Pets with underlying health conditions may metabolise CBD differently, resulting in increased effects or side effects from concurrent medications (2, 3).
6. Lack of comprehensive research
The scientific understanding of CBD’s effects on pets is still evolving. The FDA has not approved these products for veterinary use and there are no standardised dosing guidelines. Most studies that have been conducted are preliminary and lack long-term safety and efficacy data (2, 3).
How can I tell if my pet is allergic to CBD?
To determine if your pet is allergic to CBD, it’s important to watch for specific symptoms and reactions after administration of the product. Here are the key indicators and steps to take.
Symptoms of allergic reactions
1. Skin reactions
- Itching and scratching: Excessive scratching, especially in localised areas such as the face, paws or abdomen, may indicate an allergic reaction.
- Rashes or hives: Look for red, irritated skin or raised bumps, which may indicate an allergy.
2. Gastrointestinal upset
- Vomiting or diarrhoea: These symptoms may occur if your pet’s digestive system is reacting negatively to CBD. While gastrointestinal upset may be a side effect rather than an allergy, persistent problems warrant attention.
3. Swelling
- Facial swelling: If you notice swelling around your pet’s eyes, muzzle or face after giving CBD, this could indicate an allergic reaction.
4. Respiratory problems
- Coughing or wheezing: Difficulty breathing or respiratory distress is a serious sign of an allergic reaction and requires immediate veterinary attention.
5. Behavioural changes
- Apathy or lethargy: While lethargy can be a common side effect of CBD, if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as those listed above, it may indicate an allergic reaction rather than a side effect.
Distinguishing between side effects and allergies
It’s important to distinguish between normal side effects of CBD and true allergic reactions. Common side effects include mild lethargy, dry mouth and changes in appetite, which are generally not immune reactions. Allergic reactions typically involve more severe symptoms related to the immune system’s response to a perceived threat (1, 2).
Steps to take if allergy is suspected
- Stop administration: If you observe signs of an allergic reaction after administering CBD to your pet, discontinue use immediately.
- Consult your veterinarian: Consult your veterinarian for advice. They may recommend allergy testing or alternative treatments based on your pet’s symptoms.
- Consider allergy testing: If allergies are suspected, veterinarians can perform tests such as skin prick or blood tests to confirm whether CBD or another ingredient in the product is responsible for the reaction (2).
Although allergies to CBD in pets are relatively rare, they can occur. It is important to monitor your pet for symptoms such as itching, gastrointestinal upset, swelling, respiratory problems and behavioural changes after introducing CBD into their routine. If symptoms of concern occur, consult a veterinarian immediately for appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Conclusion
While many pet owners report positive results from using CBD for their animals, it is important to approach its use with caution. Potential risks include side effects such as lethargy and gastrointestinal upset, increased risk of bleeding, product quality control issues, potential allergic reactions and drug interactions.
Pet owners should consult a veterinarian before starting any CBD treatment for their pets and ensure they are using high quality products from reputable sources. Monitoring the pet’s response and adjusting dosages accordingly can help mitigate some of the risks associated with CBD use in animals.
The use of CBD in veterinary medicine presents both opportunities and challenges. While preliminary studies suggest potential benefits for specific conditions such as anxiety and pain management in dogs, the overall body of evidence remains limited. Pet owners should approach CBD with caution, prioritising products from reputable sources and discussing any concerns with their vet.
Call for further research
To gain a fuller understanding of the effects of CBD on animal health, further research is essential. Large-scale clinical trials are needed to assess long-term safety, efficacy in different species, optimal dosing strategies, and potential interactions with other drugs. Only through rigorous scientific investigation can we build a solid foundation for the responsible use of CBD in veterinary medicine.
Additional material for personal research on the topic:
- Hemp for Dogs: A Comprehensive Guide.
- Understanding, Preventing, and Treating Dog Anxiety.
- Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Pets.
- Cancer Treatment Options for Pets: A Comprehensive Guide.
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